أصبح بوسعك الآن تنزيل نسخة كاملة من موسوعة ويكيبيديا العربية لتصفحها بلا اتصال بالإنترنت.
| [أغلق] |
أزمة الرهائن بإن أميناس
من ويكيبيديا، الموسوعة الحرة
إحداثيات: 27.897°N 9.127°E
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| المكان | عين أمناس, الجزائر | |||
| التاريخ | 16 جانفي 2013–الوقت الحاضر | |||
| الهدف | عمال مصنع دولي للغاز الطبيعي | |||
| نوع الهجوم | كمين, حصار, أزمة رهائن | |||
| الأسلحة | أسلحة أوتوماتيكية, هاون, صاروخ أرض-جو, متفجرات | |||
| القتلى | 37 (على الأقل 37 رهينة)[1][2] | |||
| الجرحى | لا يقل عن 7[3] | |||
تعديل  |
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السياق
التسلسل الزمني
المشاركين في العملية الأولى كانوا 32عنصرا انقسموا إلى 3 مجموعات.الأولى كانت مكونة من 12 مسلحا، وقد كلفت باقتحام منشأة "تيقنتورين"، والثانية كانت مكلفة بمهمة نصب كمين لحافلة تقل عمالا أجانب كانت متجهة إلى مطار عين أم الناس ، وكان هدفها هو إشغال سرية الجيش الجزائري القريبة من موقع في معركة جانبية، بينما تتم عملية الاقتحام، وضمت 12 مسلحا أيضا، وانتظر 8 مسلحين آخرين، ضمن ما يسمى عسكريا بمجموعة الإسناد، التدخل لدعم أي من المجموعتين، عند الضرورة، وتمكنت المجموعة الأولى من اقتحام موقع "تيقنتورين" باستعمال سيارات مشابهة تماما لسيارات أمن شركة "سوناطراك" النفطية الجزائرية، ويعتقد بأنها هربت من ليبيا.[7]
وقالت مصادر "الخبر الجزائرية" إن المجموعة المسلحة تسللت من موقع حدودي بين ليبيا والجزائر والنيجر يسمى تيم نيرلا، ثم تسللت إلى ليبيا من أجل جلب سيارات دفع رباعي، تم دهنها بنفس طريقة السيارات التابعة لحراسة "سوناطراك".[7]
وقد مرت بمسالك صحراوية قريبة من بلدة "الدبداب" الحدودية مع ليبيا وبالتحديد بوادي إيجليه (30 كلم عن عين أم الناس على متن 9 سيارات من نوع تويوتا 5 منها من نوع تويوتا لاند كروزر تحمل لوحة ترقيم ليبية و4 سيارات من نوع تويوتا ستايشن 2 منها كان يستعملهما المهاجمون لحمل السلاح وأخرى لحمل المؤن.[7]
وضمت مجموعة الخاطفين الثالثة 3 جزائريين فقط قتلوا جميعا في العملية وينحدرون من ولايتي ورقلة ووهران وآخر يقطن بولاية أدرار، و29 آخرون أجانب من جنسيات مختلفة، ليبية وتونسية ومصرية وكندية ويمنية.[7]
وقالت المصادر إن اليمني الذي شارك في العملية يدعى أبو موسى، وكان قصيرا وأسمر اللون، وقد قضى المدعو أبو عائشة أو لمين بشنب في اليوم الأول من الهجوم العسكري على قاعدة الحياة، فهو وكنيته أبو عائشة ينحدر من ولاية ورقلة، وكان قائدا للجناح العسكري في حركة أبناء الجنوب من أجل العدالة، وقد تزوج لمين بشنب بامرأة ليبية في منطقة "العوينات" الليبية في الحدود مع منطقة طارات الجزائرية، قبل شهرين، وأقام فيها متنكرا بهوية غير حقيقية، وكان مكلفا بتوفير سيارات الدفع الرباعي التي استغلت في العملية.[7]
ويعتقد أن أحد أقارب بشنب من ولاية ورقلة ما زال موجودا في منطقة الحدود الجزئرية الليبية، ويدعى يوسف وكنيته أبو مصطفى، ويقود الآن مجموعة مسلحة أخرى تنشط في الحدود الليبية الجزائرية، ويجري حاليا فحص جثث المهاجمين من قبل مختصين في الأدلة الجنائية من قيادة الدرك الوطني الجزائري على مستوى مستشفى عسكري بورقلة، من أجل الحصول على معلومات حول العملية الإرهابية.[7]
وكان قرار تنفيذ الهجوم محصورا في شخص مختار بلمختار الذي قرر، قبل أقل من 3 ساعات من تنفيذ العملية، إصدار أمر لعناصره بتنفيذها، حيث تم رصد مكالمة هاتفية بهاتف الثـريا الفضائي من قبل مصالح الأمن الجزائرية، وتلقت وحدات الجيش الموجودة في صحراء عين أم الناس إنذارا من مصالح الأمن تضمن الاشتباه في وجود مجموعة مهربين أو إرهابيين في موقع بالصحراء، وقد تحركت قوة عسكرية لتمشيط المنطقة على الساعة الرابعة صباحا، بعد ساعتين من رصد المكالمة، لكن الوقت كان قد فات.[7]
بدأ احتجاز الرهائن في صبيحة 16 يناير 2013 عندما حاولت مجموعة من الإرهابيين المدججين بالسلاح لمهاجمة الحافلة التي تغادر من موقع منصة الغاز المستغلة بشراكة بين بي بي، شتات أويل وسوناطراك في عين أمناس بالقرب من الحدود الليبية. بعد فشل هذه المحاولة توجهة المجموعة نحو قاعدة الحياة أين قاموا باحتجاز 650 رهينة بينهم 573 جزائريون وبعض 132 من جنسيات نرويجية، يابانية، فرنسية، أمريكية وبريطانية، موظفين بالقاعدة.[6][8]
في 17 يناير 2013 شن الجيش الجزائري هجوما على موقع الرهائن، خلال هذا الهجوم حرر بعض الرهائن وقتل آخرين.[9] · [10] بالإضافة إلى ذلك حلقت طائرة بدون طيار للجيش الجزائري (أمريكية الصنع) فوق المجمع لإعطاء السلطات الأمريكية لمحة عامة عن الوضع.[10]
الرهائن
قدرت عدة مصادر عدد الرهائن بين 20 و40 في حين أرسل بيان من قبل الحركة الإسلامية إلى وكالة الأنباء الموريتانية أن بحوزتهم 41 رهينة أجنبية. المحتزين كانوا 13 نرويجي، 7 أمريكيين و5 يابانيين، إيرلندي وعدد غير معروف من الفرنسيين والبريطانيين. القناة التلفزيونية فرانس 24 بثت مقتطفات من محادثة هاتفية مع رهينة فرنسية إدعى أن معه بريطانيين، يابانيين وفلبينيين وماليزيين[11] · [12] بالإضافة إلى 150 موظف جزائري.[4]حسب الجزائر قتل شخصين في العملية وهما بريطاني وجزائري.[6] وزير الشؤون الخارجية الجزائري ذكر أيضا ستة جرحى وهم أجنبيان، إثنين من الدرك و2 من حراس الأمن.[6]
المطالب
المختطفين الذين صرحوا بأنهم قادمون من مالي،[4] وإدعوا أنهم من كتيبة مختار بلمختار الجزائري المخلوع مؤخرا من تنظيم القاعدة في بلاد المغرب الإسلامي وقالوا أنهم قاموا بالعملية كرد فعل إنتقامي ضد التدخل العسكري الفرنسي في مالي الذي يصفونه "بالعدوان"[6]. طالبوا، من بين أمور أخرى، "وقف العدوان على مالي" وإطلاق سراح مائة من الإسلاميين المسجونين في الجزائر،[4] كما هددوا بنسف الموقع إذا لم تنسحب القوات الجزائرية المسلحة التي أحاطة بالمنصة.[6]ردود الفعل الدولية
الجزائر: وزير الداخلية الجزائري دحو ولد قابلية ذكر أن الجزائر ««لا تستطيع ان تلبي مطالب الإرهابيين»» ولن تتفاوض مع خاطفي الرهائن.[13]
جمهورية أيرلندا: التانيست الإيرلندي ايمون غيلمور أكد لوسائل الإعلام أن مواطنا من أيرلندا الشمالية اصله من مقاطعة أنترم إحتجز رهينة وصرح ««الحكومة مستعدة لاستخدام كل الموارد المتاحة لضمان أن يتم تحرير مواطننا في أقرب وقت ممكن»»[14]
الولايات المتحدة: مباشرة بعد الإعلان عن إحتجاز الرهائن، المتحدث باسم وزارة الخارجية الأمريكية أكد للصحفيين أن عددا غير معروف من المواطنين الأمريكيين موجود من بين الرهائن.[13] وفي هذا الصدد، أدان الرئيس الامريكي باراك أوباما، مساء أول أمس السبت، الهجوم الإرهابي على الموقع الغازي بعين امناس، مضيفا أن مسؤولية هذه العملية الارهابية تقع على عاتق الارهابيين الذين قاموا بها. وقال أوباما في بيان نشره البيت الأبيض “إن مسؤولية هذه المأسأة تقع على عاتق الارهابيين الذين نفذوها والولايات المتحدة تدين أعمالهم بأقوى العبارات”. مضيفا “لقد كنا على اتصال دائم مع المسؤولين الجزائريين
ونحن مستعدون لتقديم أي مساعدة يحتاجونها عقب هذا الهجوم”. وذكر أوباما
أيضا أن الولايات المتحدة “ستواصل العمل عن كثب مع كل شركائها لمكافحة
ظاهرة الإرهاب في المنطقة التي أودت بحياة عدد كبير من الابرياء” وتابع أن
الهجوم على الموقع الغازي بعين امناس “تذكير آخر بالتهديد الذي تشكله
القاعدة والجماعات المتطرفة العنيفة الاخرى في شمال أفريقيا”.[15]
المملكة المتحدة: وزير الدولة للشؤون الخارجية والكومنولث ويليام هيغ أكد وفاة مواطن بريطاني في اليوم التالي للهجوم ورفض أي صلة مع التدخل العسكري الفرنسي في مالي ووصف ذلك بأنه ذريعة للقتل "بدم بارد".[16]
فرنسا: الرئيس الفرنسي فرانسوا أولاند أكد وجود رهائن فرنسيين في الموقع وقال انه يجب أن تتوقع الأخبار السيئة حول نتائج العملية الجوية الجزائرية.[17]
رومانيا: روبرت كازانسيوك الأمين العام لوزارة الخارجية، أكد أن هناك مواطن روماني من بين الرهائن وأنه قد تم إنشاء خلية أزمة بالوزارة.
اليابان:
In Amenas hostage crisis
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| In Amenas hostage crisis | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Location | West of In Amenas, Algeria |
| Coordinates | 27.897°N 9.127°ECoordinates: 27.897°N 9.127°E |
| Date | 16 January 2013–19 January 2013 (CET – UTC +1) |
| Target | International natural gas plant workers |
| Attack type | Ambush, siege, hostage crisis |
| Weapon(s) | |
| Deaths | At least 67 (at least 37 foreign hostages, an Algerian security guard, and 29 militants)[1][2][3] |
| Injured (non-fatal) | Currently unknown |
| Assailants | The al-Mua'qi'oon Biddam Brigade[4] |
| Motive | Opposition against Operation Serval |
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At least 39 foreign hostages were killed along with an Algerian security guard, as were 29 militants.[9] A total of 685 Algerian workers and 107 foreigners were freed.[1][10] Three militants were captured.[9]
It was one of many attacks in the Maghreb carried out by Islamist groups since 2002.
Contents
Attack
The Tigantourine gas facility is located about 40 kilometres (25 mi) south-west of In Amenas, close to the Libyan border and about 1,300 kilometres (810 mi) south-east of Algeria's capital city, Algiers. The Algerian state oil company Sonatrach operates the gas field jointly with the British firm BP and the Norwegian firm Statoil. It supplies 10% of Algeria's natural gas production.[11]
As the assault began at the plant's gates, guard Mohamed Lamine Lahmar succeeded in activating a plant-wide alarm, warning the whole site that a terrorist attack was in progress. Lahmar's actions made it possible for some people to hide and for others to shut down essential processes of the site and possibly prevent its destruction from explosives detonation. Lahmar was shot to death by the terrorists immediately afterward.[16] In addition, a Briton was also killed and at least seven others were injured during the initial capture of hostages and assault on the plant.[8][14][17][18]
For a number of hours, the gunmen hunted door-to-door for foreigners, dragging workers from under beds and behind cupboards, beating some who refused to leave, shooting others as they tried to run away.[11] Some foreigners had their hands bound behind their backs, and some had their mouths taped.[11] The gunmen affixed Semtex bombs around the necks and waists of some of them.[11] Many were killed with a bullet to the head.[11] Several Algerians helped to hide foreigners.[11]
Subsequently, Algerian security forces surrounded the facility.[19] At midday local time on 17 January, Algerian special forces launched an attack to retake the facility and free the hostages.[20] During the fighting, some hostages were shot in the head by the militants, and others were used as human shields.[11]
Perpetrators
An al-Qaeda-affiliated group, known variously as both Katibat al-Mulathameen ('The Masked Brigade') and al-Muwaqqi‘ūn bi-d-Dimā’ (Arabic: الموقعون بالدماء 'Those who Sign with Blood'), perpetrated the attack.[4][21][22] The terrorists were under the command of Mokhtar Belmokhtar, known also as Khalid Abu al-Abbas.[4]Belmokhtar, a veteran of Algeria's civil war and the Soviet war in Afghanistan and dubbed "The Uncatchable" by French intelligence, was a senior commander in al-Qaeda's local branch before deciding to form his own armed Islamist group late in 2012 after an apparent fallout with other terrorist leaders.[8] Despite the split, his fighters remain loyal to al-Qaeda, a fact mentioned in their communication with the media after the initial assault.[8]
The Algerian Prime Minister said 32 terrorists were involved in the attack, and that one-third were Algerian while the rest were made up of eight nationalities, including 11 Tunisians, 2 Canadians, plus Egyptian, Malian, Nigerian, and Mauritanians.[9][10] An Algerian news website had reported that three Egyptians, two Algerians, two Tunisians, two Libyans, one Mali national, and one French national were among the attackers,[23][24] but the French Minister of the Interior Manuel Valls disputed the presence of a French national among the attackers.[25]
On 19 January, Algerian state media announced that 11 of the hostage-takers were killed after a military offensive which ended the siege. Seven hostages were executed by the perpetrators during the offensive.[26]
Algeria's Prime Minister Abdelmalek Sellal said on 21 January that 29 of the attackers had been killed and 3 captured alive.[10] The New York Times reported that one of the captured attackers said the Egyptians involved in the attack were also involved in the 2012 Benghazi attack.[27]
Initially, Abdelmalek Sellal stated there was at least one Canadian dead among the hostage-takers, but did not identify him. He later identified the Canadian man only as "Chedad", and that "Chedad" had co-ordinated and headed the attack; survivors had described a young hostage-taker with fair skin, blond hair, and blue or green eyes, who spoke in perfect North American English. This led to intense media speculation in Canada, and the story quickly became a daily headline for several weeks. The two Canadian attackers' remains were later identified as those of as Ali Medlej, 24, and Xris Katsiroubas, 22, two friends, both of London, Ontario. The two along with a third friend, 24-year-old Aaron Yoon, also from London, traveled to Mauritania in 2011 to study Islam and the Arabic language. All three were born in Canada, and attended London South Collegiate Institute. Medlej was raised Muslim; Katsiroubas, a Greek-Canadian, and Yoon, a Korean-Canadian, converted to Islam Greek Orthodox and Catholic, respectively, during their high school years. At some point in late 2011, Yoon became separated from Medlej and Katsiroubas. In December 2011, in Mauritania, Yoon was arrested, charged, and convicted of terrorism, and sentenced to 18 months in prison, more than a year before Medlej and Katsiroubas staged the attack in Algeria. Yoon has maintained his innocence. In 2012, he was visited by an official from Amnesty International, but requested that the circumstances of his arrest and detention remain confidential. The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation reported that Yoon was also visited by a Canadian government official in 2012. Yoon's family was unaware of his detention until more than a month after the hostage crisis, believing he was still studying Islam and the Arabic language. Yoon was briefly interviewed by the CBC in early 2013, via cellphone, while a group of inmates surrounded him to protect him from the guards and other inmates. CBC News reported 9 May 2013 that at least one among Medlej and Katsiroubas Canadian militants worked at the plant.[26] Yoon was released from prison in July, 2013, and subsequently arrived at Toronto's Pearson International Airport; the Canadian authorities are not expected to lay any charges against him. Residents of London, both known and unknown to the trio, have expressed shock and disbelief at their deaths and the circumstances of their deaths. Medlej was variously described by high school friends as a good student who "got high marks but would hide it from his peers", played high school football, was loud, funny, a "wannabe thug", "kind of an ass sometimes, depending who he was with", a "good guy who stood up for a friend (who was being picked on)", and would on occasion slam his fist against a locker in frustration. Friends said Medlej was not very serious about his Muslim faith, saying that he would drink alcohol and smoke. Katsiroubas was described by friends as being seriously invested in his faith, devoutly attending prayers at the mosque; Yoon has been described as private on the subject of his conversion to Islam, and uninvested in his schoolwork, until his conversion to Islam apparently provoked "academic curiosity" within him.[citation needed]
Libyan hardline Islamist sources declared that the kidnappers had logistical support from Islamists in Libya, such as aiding the media to contact the terrorists, while local Algerian outlets like Numidia News or TSA said that the attackers wore Libyan uniforms, had Libyan weapons and vehicles.[28][29]
According to a senior Algerian security source, Zintan brigadesmen sold arms to the assailants group, and former Libyan Islamic Fighting Group emir Abdelhakim Belhadj had prior knowledge of the attack on In Amenas.[30][31]
Demands
The militants demanded an end to French military operations against Islamists in northern Mali, in return for the safety of the hostages. A spokesman claiming to represent the "Masked Brigade" (or al-Mulathameen Brigade) said the hostage seizure was a response to Algeria's opening of its airspace to French warplanes that attacked Mali's militants five days prior.[32][33] Another report mentioned a demand for the release of Aafia Siddiqui and Omar Abdel-Rahman, both held in American prisons on terrorism-related convictions.[34] Other reports suggested the hostage-takers demanded the release of about 100 Islamist prisoners held in Algeria.[14]Hostages
According to U.S. officials, 132 foreign nationals were taken hostage.[35] In all, over 800 people were taken hostage.[3] A statement released by the Islamist group to a Mauritanian news agency said they had 41 foreign nationals. Five were reportedly being held at the gas facility, and the rest at a nearby housing unit.[8] The number included 13 Norwegians (4 of whom escaped to a nearby military camp),[36] 7 U.S. citizens, 5 Japanese, 1 Irish, as well as nationals from France, Romania, and the United Kingdom. France 24 broadcast parts of a phone conversation with a French hostage, who said he was being held along with British, Japanese, Filipino, and Malaysian nationals.[37][38]On 17 January 2013, one Algerian security official told the Associated Press that at least 20 foreigners had escaped. Algeria's private Ennahar TV channel cited 15 foreign hostages, including 2 Japanese, a French couple and the sole Irish national, as having escaped or been freed. Earlier, the Algeria Press Service news agency reported that some 30 Algerian workers managed to free themselves.[39][40]
According to U.S. officials, 100 of the 132 foreign nationals had either escaped or been set free by mid-day 18 January. The same reports stated that 500 Algerians had been rescued as of 18 January.[35] One American worker was also confirmed dead on 18 January.[41]
Deaths
On 19 January, 11 militants and 7 hostages were killed in a final assault to end the standoff. In addition, 16 foreign hostages were freed, including 2 Americans, 2 Germans, and 1 Portuguese.[41]One Algerian hostage (a security guard) and 39 foreign hostages from nine different countries are believed to have died.[3] The nationality breakdown of the dead hostages, as of 25 January 2013, was as follows:[42]
| # | Country | Names[dubious ] | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10 |  Japan |
||
| 8 |  Philippines |
Angelito Manaois Jr | Maintenance. 2 missing[51][52][53] |
| 5 |  Norway |
||
| 5 |  United Kingdom |
|
|
| 3 |  United States |
|
|
| 2 |  Malaysia |
|
|
| 2 |  Romania |
||
| 1 |  Algeria |
Mohamed Lamine Lahmar | Security guard |
| 1 |  Colombia |
Carlos Estrada, of Bogotá.[68][69] | Lived in Chelsea, London. BP Vice President for North Africa.[70][71] |
| 1 |  France |
Yann Desjeux, 52 of Anglet.[72][73] |
Algerian rescue operation
On the afternoon of 17 January 2013, the Algerian Special Intervention Group began an assault on the complex using helicopter gunships and heavy weapons. Algerian commanders explained they launched the assault because the gunmen had demanded to be allowed to take the hostages abroad.[74] The Mauritanian news agency ANI said the assault came while the militants were attempting to move hostages by vehicle.[75] An Irish engineer who survived is reported as having said he saw four trucks of hostages being blown up by the Algerian forces.[74] Hostages in two other SUVs were freed by the Algerian forces.[76]
An Algerian security source said that 30 hostages and 11 militants were killed during the raid, which was reported as lasting eight hours. According to the ANI, militants claimed that 34 of the hostages and 14 of the Islamists were killed in this initial attack. According to a kidnapper who spoke with the agency, seven hostages were still being held – three Belgians, two Americans, one Japanese, and one British citizen. An Algerian security source earlier confirmed that about 25 foreign hostages had escaped the compound. At least 180 Algerian workers had either escaped the complex or been freed, according to local sources, with a number of others still remaining inside.[77][78]
Several Western officials bemoaned Algeria's failure to minimize casualties, while Japan criticized Algeria for failing to heed Japan's earlier request to "put human lives first and asked Algeria to strictly refrain".[79]
Analysts say Algeria's lack of consultation fit in with a general pattern of acting independently, its policy of no negotiation with terrorists, and, according to Anouar Boukhars of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, that "Algerians are jealous of their sovereignty".[80]
Algeria's prime minister Abdelmalek Sellal in a press conference on 21 January praised the decision by Algerian special forces to storm the site, adding that the aim of the kidnappers was to "blow up the gas plant". He stressed that "The terrorists also shot some of the hostages in the head, killing them".[10]
International impact
Canada:
The Canadian government said "Canada condemns in the strongest possible
terms this deplorable and cowardly attack and all terrorist groups
which seek to create and perpetuate insecurity in the Sahel countries of
West Africa".[81]- Colombia:
The Colombian government confirmed the death of Carlos Estrada, BP
Vice-President for Northern Africa, who had worked for the company for
more than 18 years. Estrada was at the time a resident of the United
Kingdom.[68]
- France: French officials confirmed that one French citizen was killed.[35] France defended Algeria's handling of the crisis.[82]
Iran: Iran's Press TV conducted an interview titled "West liable for Algeria hostage taking", which interviewed Lawrence Freeman of the Executive Intelligence Review.
Press TV supported his conclusion that "the U.S. and their puppets
Saudi Arabia and Qatar which have in the first place played a role in
the creation of rebels are the root cause of incidents such as that
which took place in Algeria".[83]- Japan: There were 17 Japanese hostages, of whom 10 died and 7 survived.[84] Prime Minister Shinzo Abe cut short his visit to Southeast Asia to return to Tokyo to focus on the situation.[85] Japanese firm JGC Corp., which is involved in gas production in the plant, held meetings with the Japanese government.[86] The Algerian ambassador was summoned to provide clarifications over the hostage-taking crisis.[87]
- Malaysia: The Malaysian embassy in Algiers confirmed quality control inspector Chong Chung Ngen had been killed,[88] while a second Malaysian missing in the hostage crisis was confirmed dead by Wisma Putra later. The Malaysian Foreign Ministry
said in a statement on 26 January 2013 that Tan Ping Wee was identified
by the forensic team through his dental records as well as confirmation
of his tattoo by his family. The Malaysian Embassy in Algiers and the
JGC Corp are arranging for the remains of Tan Ping Wee and Chong Chung
Ngen to be flown home.[89]
- Norway: Norwegian officials said that nine Norwegian citizens were held hostage. By the morning of 18 January, one had been freed.[90] Norway sent a crisis team to their embassy in Algeria.[91] They sent a commercial airliner that had been modified into a flying hospital.[92]
- Philippines: Raul Hernandez, spokesperson for the Department of Foreign Affairs, said that at least 6 Filipinos were killed.[93]
- Romania:
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs said that five Romanian citizens had
been taken hostage, one of whom was killed while trying to escape.
Another died hours later in a hospital.[94]
Turkey:
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs said that three Turkish nationals
survived. The ministry identified the incident as a "terrorist attack",
and strongly condemned it.[95]- United Kingdom: Prime Minister David Cameron
confirmed that three British nationals had been killed, and another
three were presumed dead. He stated he had not been informed in advance
by Algerian authorities that an attempt to free the hostages would take
place shortly.[96][97]
- United States: Three Americans were killed: Frederick Buttacio of Katy, Texas, Victor Lynn Lovelady of Nederland, Texas who lived in the Houston area, and Gordon Lee Rowan of Sumpter, Oregon.[10][59][60] The U.S. maintained its policy of zero negotiation with terrorists.[35]
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